Sources & references

Last updated: October 8, 2026

TermOwl grounds its first-pass reviews in public legal texts and tests them on openly licensed contracts. This page lists every external source we use, with its edition, licence and attribution. TermOwl is an AI drafting aid for legal professionals, not legal advice.

Ukrainian legislation

Civil Code of Ukraine (Цивільний кодекс України), No. 435-IV of 16 January 2003. Official text from the Verkhovna Rada's database zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15, edition of 5 August 2026 (retrieved 8 October 2026). When Ukrainian-law grounding is on, TermOwl gives Claude a verbatim extract of the articles relevant to the contract (324 articles across general contract law, obligations, liability, limitation, sale and supply, lease, works, services, agency, loans and IP licences), asks it to cite only those articles, and checks every quoted citation against the official text. Each citation links to the article on the official site. We will refresh the extract when the next edition takes effect.

Copyright status. Official legislative texts are not objects of copyright in Ukraine: Law of Ukraine “On Copyright and Related Rights” No. 2811-IX, art. 8(1)(3) (official text), and Civil Code of Ukraine, art. 434(1)(1) (official text).

Commercial Code of Ukraine (Господарський кодекс України), No. 436-IV lost force on 28 August 2025 under Law of Ukraine No. 4196-IX of 9 January 2025 (art. 17, item 3; official text, status card). Contracts concluded earlier remain valid, but the Code's rules no longer apply; the Civil Code and special laws govern instead (Supreme Court press centre, 28 August 2025). TermOwl detects references to the repealed Code in Ukrainian, English and Russian and flags them for redrafting.

Openly licensed contracts used for testing

We test TermOwl's analyses on these documents, kept unmodified apart from conversion to plain text:

Common Paper Mutual Non-Disclosure Agreement (Version 1.0), free to use under CC BY 4.0.
Common Paper Cloud Service Agreement (Standard Terms Version 2.1), free to use under CC BY 4.0.
CUAD, the Contract Understanding Atticus Dataset (v1, The Atticus Project, CC BY 4.0): 510 commercial contracts with expert annotations across 41 clause categories. Hendrycks, Burns, Chen and Ball, “CUAD: An Expert-Annotated NLP Dataset for Legal Contract Review”, NeurIPS 2021 Datasets and Benchmarks (arXiv:2103.06268).

We also wrote synthetic test documents with planted problems, such as a Ukrainian–English services agreement with ten divergences between the language versions and two versions of an NDA with eight changes. All names in them are fictional.

AI model

Analyses are generated by Claude, by Anthropic, through the Claude API. See Security & data handling for how documents are processed.